|
Ettore Tolomei (16 August 1865 in Rovereto – 25 May 1952 in Rome) was an Italian nationalist and fascist. He was designated a Member of the Italian Senate in 1923, and ennobled as Conte della Vetta in 1937. == Pre-World War I activism == Born into a nationalistically oriented family (that rejected the Austrian domination of his Trentino and supported the Italian irredentism), after his studies in Florence and Rome Tolomei became associated with the nationalistic Dante Alighieri Society. After graduation in 1888 he taught in Italian schools at Tunis, Thessaloniki, İzmir and Cairo. He returned to Italy in 1901 and was appointed Inspector General of Italian Schools Abroad by the Foreign Ministry's Office. His nationalistic activities had begun in 1890 with the founding of the weekly magazine ''La Nazione Italiana'' (The Italian Nation), a propagandistic publication whose aim was to popularize the positions of the Dante Alighieri Society.〔Framke 1987, p. 43.〕 Its articles dwelled mainly on the issue of Trento and Trieste, then still under Austro-Hungarian rule, but covered other areas including the Levant and North Africa, anticipating the fascist dream of a new Mediterranean empire.〔 As the end of the century neared, Tolomei's activities began to focus on the northern boundaries of Italy. To him, this natural boundary was the main watershed of the Alps near Reschen Pass and Brenner Pass, even though few Italians lived in this mostly German-speaking area of the Austrian Empire. In this early phase, he saw the Ladins (a group speaking a Rhaeto-Romance language which inhabited the mountainous areas in what was then the eastern part of Southern Tyrol, a territory now divided between South Tyrol, Trentino and the province of Belluno) as the Latin element through which "an Italian-Ladinic wedge〔Steininger 2003, p. 15.〕" could be driven into the Germanic-speaking region, which in those days he called ''Alto Trentino'' - Upper Trentino, not having yet devised the name ''Alto Adige'' - High Adige, a creation which would become the official Italian designation for the province after World War I up to this day.〔Gianni Faustini, "Facevo il giornalista". Appunti e notizie autobiografiche sull'attività giornalistica di Ettore Tolomei. In: Sergio Benvenuti/Cristoph H. von Hartungen (eds.) 1998, p. 169.〕 In 1904 Tolomei climbed the 2911m high Klockerkarkopf or Glockenkarkopf, which he believed to be the northern-most mountain on the main watershed in the Tyrolean Alps. In fact, the northernmost point of the Adrian drainage basin is not the Klockerkarkopf, but the nearby Western Zwillingsköpfl. Tolomei claimed to be the first climber and renamed the peak ''Vetta d'Italia'' - Summit of Italy (with a clear political aim), although Franz Hofer and Fritz Kögl had already climbed it in 1895.〔〔 page 318〕 It is not clear whether Tolomei was aware of Kögl's ascent or not, although an extensive article about it had appeared in the Austrian Alpine Club magazine. Italian maps later adopted this name. According to a legend U.S President Woodrow Wilson, for this reason believed that South Tyrol was an Italian land . In 1938 Tolomei was given the title "Conte della Vetta" (Count of the Summit) by the Italian King Vittorio Emanuele III. To further his goals, in 1906 Tolomei founded the ''Archivio per l' Alto Adige'', a magazine which moved along the same propagandistic lines as ''La Nazione Italiana'', but focused solely on the South Tyrolean issue. The ''Archivio'' propagated the Italianness of South Tyrol in articles that claimed scientific authority and objectivity, but were in fact deeply tinged with ideology and propagandistic intent, and for Tolomei a tool for personal promotion and narcisstic gratification.〔Ferrandi 1986, p. 26.〕 An important instrument in the struggle for the Italianization of South Tyrol, apart from the scholarly articles in the ''Archivio per l' Alto Adige'' which soon enjoyed a large readership in Italy, was the creation of an Italian name for every village and geographical feature in South Tyrol. As World War I neared, toponimy assumed increasing importance. The toponymic studies where presented as a re-Italianization of names which, according to Tolomei and his collaborators, had been Germanized not many generations before.〔Cristina Fait, Per la Verità ed il Diritto d' Italia. Archeologia e "Idea di Romanità" nell'Alto Adige dall'inizio del Novecento fino alla seconda guerra mondiale. In: Sergio Benvenuti/Cristoph H. von Hartungen (eds.) 1998, p. 149-150.〕 The result of these activities, called ''Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige'', would be published in 1916 by the ''Reale Società Geografica Italiana la prima ''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ettore Tolomei」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|